There are innumerable challenges for digital soil mapping in the world full of change. One of these challenges is the sampling method which plays an important role in providing appropriate information for digital soil mapping and increasing its efficiency. Sampling method efficiency, with considering the number of samples, space changes, and cost, is a way to identify a set of scattered sampling locations in geographical space that have good location coverage of features. A good space coverage of features ensures accurate estimation of regression parameters and it makes effective spatial interpolation. In soil evaluation, the number of samples collected is limited by time and cost. Also, lack of roads, dense vegetation, and rugged terrain are caused more restrictions when visiting the area. These deficiencies lead to the use of stronger sampling methods. Methods that can provide a good description of space changes of soil and its features to reduce the number of samples, time, and cost are needed. So that it supports the final quality of the maps. Here are checked several methods of statistical sampling and geometric that optimize the geometric sampling pattern in geographical space. The strengths and weaknesses these methods considering spatial coverage, simplicity, accuracy, and efficiency briefly expressed. The results showed in terms of accuracy and efficiency; classified random sampling has the highest accuracy and has been widely used. In terms of spatial coverage; spatial coverage sampling is the best method. Due to the simplicity in the design and implementation stages; Simple random sampling, network sampling, and spatial sampling are the simplest sampling methods. Among the sampling methods studied, the Latin conditional sampling method is the most common method. It is widely used and recommended, and stratified random sampling and spatial sampling are the most efficient methods that optimize the sampling pattern in geographical space...

Archaeobotany is one of the interdisciplinary sciences in archaeology. Archaeobotany studies plant remains in archaeological contexts. Based on plant findings, it discusses topics such as people's livelihood, agriculture, vegetation, climate changes, dating, etc. So, this course can reply to many questions archaeologists face about an ancient site and people. In recent years, archaeologists have paid a lot of attention to this field and tried to use experts in excavations. One of the excavations that has paid a lot of attention to archaeobotany, is Feyzabad site. This site has Islamic periods. During the excavation in 2022 in this site, some ovens were found, as well as some samples from them. In this research, we intend to answer questions such as the functioning of the sampled ovens and the identification of plant remains in the ovens. Finally, by combining the information found, we will shed light on the lives of the people of this period. By doing this research, our information about the life of the people belonging to this area, their livelihood and the common types of plant remains used in this area will increase. Also, micro information about climatic conditions will be obtained. After carrying out the necessary investigations and research, it was found that the ovens found in the trench D8 are related to cooking to the inner part of the royal citadel. Besides the more specialized work that is being done, animal husbandry and agriculture are popular. Some climate changes such as warmer weather and less humidity were also identified

Development of advance tools in remote sensing and airborne geophysics during recent decades shows this industry importance. In this paper, aster sensor imagery (Advanced Space born Thermal – Radiometer) and airborne geophysics employed in order to zoning alteration area, mineralization system analysis and prospecting in 1: 25000 Oghlansar sheet, which is situated in north of Sarab City in East Azerbaijan province. The area is located in structural zone of the Eastern Alborz-Azerbaijan. The lithology of area contains Eocene-Neogene magmatic-volcanic complex such as andesite, rhyodacite, rhyolite, and granodiorite associated with pyroclastics such as tuffs, volcanic breccia and lava flows. In this investigation, we applied different methods of spectral analysis and normal classification such as SAM (Spectral Angel mapping), MF (Match Filtering) using ASTER images. Furthermore, spectral analysis methods on airborne geophysics data were engaged in order to extract shallow bodies and recognition of faults. ASTER imagery process and airborne geophysics data led to primary potential mineral map of the area. For credibility of results, 200 samples were taken and analyzed by XRD, XRF and ICP methods. Consequently, 190 samples (95%) confirmed the results of remote sensing and airborne geophysics processes. Conclusions of this research revealed that applying concurrency both the remote sensing and airborne geophysics data could be led to improve the precision of the results.

Purpose: The present research aimed at finding an answer to the question of the process of influence of cyberspace on Iranian Poetry in the future, and the influence of cyberspace on various aspects of poetry such as content, its audience, the poet, the media that published the poem, the process of composing the poem, the rights of the author, and Globalization of the Iranian poetry. Method: The Delphi technique was used to carry out this research. A group of experts comprising professors in the fields of Communication and Literature was selected. The expert’s opinions were collected and analyzed through an in-depth interview, a questionnaire based on the Likert scale, and by the execution of three stages of Delphi rounds. Findings: Accordingly, considering the content, the experts predicted that due to the impact of cyberspace, the quality of the poetry will be reduced and consequently, the language of poetry will become simpler and close to prose and it will only reflect the daily events of life. Regarding the audience, they concluded that the audience’s selection power will be increased, however, we can differentiate between the public and professional audience. With respect to the sender, there will be no phenomenon of multi authors, and regarding the channel, the experts agreed upon Media Convergence besides, the poets’ agency in publishing their own poems will be increased. Conclusion: Experts believe that the spread of communication technologies will make censorship ineffective. This is the only case in which the group believes in the impact of technology on the future of poetry. The group of experts did not reach a consensus regarding the impact of technology on the phenomena such as publication of author’s poems as one’s original work and the Globalization of Iranian poetry, thus, analyzed these items in the framework of the human agency.

Background and objectives: Zagross forests as the most extensive part of forests of Iran, retain important plant diversity. Vegetation knowledge is the base for ecological studies, management, and plant species conservation. Many diverse methods in vegetation studies have been proposed, based on the aims of study, kinds of vegetation, phonologic and taxonomic constraints, and financial and administrative possibility, which surveying is the most common. This study aimed to investigate the ability of modified multiscale Whittaker plots with random distribution in different vegetation types, in determining floristic composition.Materials and methods: In this study, floristic composition of Hashtad Pahloo forest catchment (8072 ha), contrary to common floristic studies, have been studied by sampling method using 21, 250 m2 Wittaker multiscale plots. Sampling plots were distributed randomly in four distinct vegetation types including pure oak type (Quercus brantii Lindl.), Mixed oak and Acer (Quercus brantii Lindl., Acer monspessulanum L.), Shrubs and cushion plants (Daphne mucronata Royle, Cotoneaster morulus Pojark), and Mountain grasslands (Ferulago angulata Boiss., Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip) types. Collected plants species were identified using authentic references and their life forms were determined based on Raunkier classification. Also Chorological study were performed based on Zohari eco regional division. IUCN classification and red data book of Iran were used to define Conservative situation of plant species.Results: Results show that there are 211 species belong to 166 genus and 46 families in this landscape. Compositeae with 28 species (13.27%) were the biggest family. Irano-Toranian with 80 species (37.91%) and Mediterranean with 55 species (26.6%) were the most common chorologic types in this area. The most important life forms were Therophytes 88 species (43.9%), Geophytes 43 species (21.43%), Chamaephytes 25 species (13.2%), Hemicryptophytes 18 species (9.57%) and Phanerophytes 15 species (8.1%).Conclusion: Comparison of the results of this study with earlier floristic study recently performed in this landscape revealed that random distribution of sampling plots in different vegetation types is able to identify common plant species while it needs less time and cost.

Considering the importance of solidarity as a theoretical and political structure and its connection with social harmony, acceptability and political legitimacy, the present research has conceptualized and formulated the problem of solidarity in the context of Iran's multi-ethnic society through the mediation of existing studies. . In the current research, the hybrid method has been used. The sample and statistical population of the research includes selected qualitative studies that have investigated the issue of solidarity and its dimensions in Iran from different aspects and perspectives in the period from 1372 to 1398. After searching in different databases, 500 related articles, books and research reports were identified and finally 54 sources were selected to perform the meta-combination method. Based on the synthesis of studies, solidarity in the multi-ethnic society of Iran has found a problematic situation. The results of the research confirm that the coordinates of solidarity in Iranian society are based on structural contexts and conditions. The main field in which the issue of solidarity in Iran should be established is the acceptance of a reality called "reliability and stability of cultural diversity". Based on the meta-combination of studies, the coordinates of solidarity in Iran's multi-ethnic society, due to "intercultural affinities", "disruption and non-inclusion in ethnic policies", "instability and imbalance of development", "inefficiency of ethnic political management" and "identification disorder". In the meantime, "cultural globalization", "taking role models from ethnic elites", "geopolitics of ethnic areas and transnational interventions" and "ethnic extension" are considered as intervening conditions. Despite the fact that ethnic and religious diversity is recognized as a central sign in the constitution, with this definition, political agents have sometimes resorted to strategies that social suffering and extroversion has formed in ethnic communities.